Socijalna politika

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Socijalna politika kao naučna disciplina koja se bavi životnim, radnim i društvenim uslovima ljudi, na području Crne Gore, imala je veoma difuzan razvoj. Shvatanja ove naučne discipline, kao i u većini zemalja jugoistočne Evrope, prešla su veoma dugačak put od poistovjećivanja sa različitim oblicima »milosrđa«, do institucionalne djelatnosti države i polja na kojem se gubi i osvaja politička vlast. T.H.Maršal: “Socijalna politika se odnosi na vladinu akciju koja davanjem naknada i usluga ima neposredan uticaj na blagostanje građana.” R.Titmus: “Socijana politika podrazumijeva socijalna davanja, ona je redistributivna i ima kako ekonomske tako i ne-ekonomske ciljeve”. D.Lakićević: ”Socijalnu politiku možemo definisati kako svjesnu, slobodno i praktičnu ljudsku djelatnost, koja se bavi životnim, radnim i društvenim uslovima ljudi i društvenih grupa.” M.Milosavljević: ”Socijalnom politikom se stvaraju humaniji ljudski odnosi, podstiče kvalitet života, ljudskog zajedništva, stvaraju uslovi za bolji društveni razvoj i podstiču potencijali ljudi.” V.Puljiz:  “Socijalna politika je organizovana djelatnost države, i drugih društvenih institucija kojoj je cilj prevladavanje socijalnih rizika, pomoć siromašnim i socijalno isključenim pojedincima i društvenim grupama, ujednačavanje životnih šansi te, uopše, unapređivanje socijalne dobrobiti građana.”

Aktuelni modeli socijalne politike danas u velikoj mjeri se baziraju na Esping-Andersenovoj klasifikaciji režima države blagostanja[1]. Na osnovu principa dekomodifikacije[2] i stratifikacije, on razlikuje tri tipa ili modela država blagostanja, odnosno sistema socijalne sigurnosti: konzervativni (korporatni), socijaldemokratski i liberalni model države blagostanja. Mada treba napomenuti da su se i prije Esping-Andersena autori poput T.H.Maršala, Ričarda Titmusa, Barbare Rodžers, bavili analizom države blagostanja kao i da ova tipologija nije mimoišla i neke kritike, koje su uglavnom bazirane na kriterije na osnovu kojih je urađena. Pisati o socijalnoj politici jedne države gotovo je nemoguće, a da se ne uzmu u obzir određene determinante koje direktno i indirektno utiču koncepciju socijalne politike. U prvom redu mislimo na karakteristike: političkog i ekonomskog sistema, modernizaciju, regionalnu razvijenost i istorijsku pozadinu.

[1] T.H.Maršal državu blagostanja posmatra kao fazu u razvoju kapitalističkog društvenog sistema. R.Titmus razlikuje tri modela socijalne politke: rezidualni, industrijski i institucionalno-redistributivni. B.Rodžers ističe shvatnja socijalne politike kao kolektivne akcije u cilju socijalne dobrobiti, gdje naravno ističe značaj promjene i inovacije radi prevazilaženja tradicilonalnih shvatanja (A.Čekerevac, 2005:17). Kastls i Mičel (1993.) poznaju četiri tipa države blagostanja: liberalni, konzervativni, hegemonija bez prava, radikalni. Ferrera (1996.) takođe govori o četiri modela države blagostanja: anglo-saksonski, Bizmarkov, skandinavski, mediteranski. Korpi i Palme razlikuju: model bazične sigurnosti, korporatni, obuhvatni   i ciljani model (D.Vuković; 2005:25)

[1] Dekomodifikacija – stepen do kojega su pojedinici ili porodice u stanju da ostvare prihvatljiv društveni standard, nezavisno od svog učešća na tržištu (D.Vuković, 2004:23).

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